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The Density of Mid-sized Kuiper Belt Objects from ALMA Thermal Observations

机译：来自ALMA热观测的中型柯伊伯带天体的密度

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摘要

The densities of mid-sized Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs) are a key constraint in understanding the assembly of objects in the outer solar system. These objects are critical for understanding the currently unexplained transition from the smallest KBOs with densities lower than that of water, to the largest objects with significant rock content. Mapping this transition is made difficult by the uncertainties in the diameters of these objects, which maps into an even larger uncertainty in volume and thus density. The substantial collecting area of the Atacama Large Millimeter Array allows significantly more precise measurements of thermal emission from outer solar system objects and could potentially greatly improve the density measurements. Here we use new thermal observations of four objects with satellites to explore the improvements possible with millimeter data. We find that effects due to effective emissivity at millimeter wavelengths make it difficult to use the millimeter data directly to find diameters and thus volumes for these bodies. In addition, we find that when including the effects of model uncertainty, the true uncertainties on the sizes of outer solar system objects measured with radiometry are likely larger than those previously published. Substantial improvement in object sizes will likely require precise occultation measurements.
机译：中型柯伊伯带天体（KBO）的密度是理解外太阳系中天体组装的关键约束。这些对象对于理解当前无法解释的过渡是至关重要的，该过渡是从密度小于水的最小KBO到具有大量岩石含量的最大对象。这些物体的直径不确定性使得映射此过渡变得困难，这映射成体积和密度的甚至更大的不确定性。阿塔卡马大毫米波阵列的大量收集区域可以显着更精确地测量来自外部太阳系物体的热，并有可能极大地改善密度测量。在这里，我们使用带有卫星的四个物体的新热观测来探索毫米数据可能带来的改进。我们发现由于毫米波波长有效发射率的影响，很难直接使用毫米波数据来找到这些物体的直径和体积。此外，我们发现，当包括模型不确定性的影响时，使用放射线法测量的太阳系外物体尺寸的真实不确定性可能会大于先前公布的不确定性。物体尺寸的显着改善可能需要精确的掩星测量。

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